On Design and Assessment of Tail Void Grouting Material in Mechanized Tunneling: A Review

Abstract The utilization of tail void grout as a stabilizing and sealing agent in mechanized tunneling procedures is paramount significance, given the geological engineering conditions inherent to projects. Prior its application within tunnel, detailed evaluation fresh-state characteristics grout, well time-dependent evolution hydro-mechanical properties, becomes imperative. This review paper aims provide comprehensive introduction various types grouting materials used tunneling. potential for behavior enhancement through different additives, considering diverse mixing ratios varying ground conditions, discussed. Moreover, an in-depth analysis fresh- hardened-state properties types, along with cross-effects induced by additives mixture, presented reviewed. also delves into testing methodologies property investigations employed assess using experimental approaches. Additionally, overview numerical simulation provided, particular emphasis on role grout. Finally, coupled effects typical are explored, applicability material according